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　　在托福閱讀里，有一類題叫“修辭目的題”，出題頻率為1-2 道/每篇。實際考試中的問法類似于“Why does the author mention XXX?”這里所謂的“修辭”， 即作者為了提高表達效果所用到的寫作手法。文學類的作品里用“比喻”“排比”之類的修辭手法，為的是使表達更生動形象。

　　而用在托福考試閱讀這樣學術類的文章里，自然是為了更好地證明詮釋作者的觀點或理論。 因此“修辭目的題”的答案多與被作者提到，即題目中提到的內容，所支持的觀點有關。這就是為什么，該類題型的常規解法就是根據題目中提到的文章內容，找到其支持的觀點句。因為大部分情況下，觀點句在先，例證句在后。

　　所以，同學們在找到題干中的“XXX”之后， 再往前找到其支持的句子即可，且兩個句子一前一后不會相隔較遠。

　　下面請看例1

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　　Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but now can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Bearing the teeth in a hostile way,as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution,Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. (OG Test 1 The Expression of Emotions)

　　The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to

　　(A) Differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of it

　　(B) Support Darwin's theory of evolution

　　(C) Provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood

　　(D) Contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions

　　這個題可以用到常規的解法——找例子支持的觀點句。

　　我們發現 “Baring the teeth…” 這一句的前一句為一個與該句并列的例證句，它們共同證明的是 “It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal.” 這句話。那么，可以得知該段這 一部分的結構為“觀點-例子1-例子2”。因此答案為C。

　　然而，這種常規的方法，并不能應對練習或托福考試中所有的“修辭目的題”。因為作者在行文時，為了證明觀點，可能會用到多種結構的表達方式。而我們考生需要注意的，就是縷清題干中提到的信息與上下句之間的關系，靈活而又有效地找到作者想借此表達的觀點。

　　下面我們來看例2

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　　For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteen century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing and energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine. (TPO 26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution)

　　Why does the author provide the information that “Great Britain had large amounts of coal”?

　　(A) To reject the claim that Britain was facing an energy shortage in the eighteen century

　　(B) To explain why coal rather than other energy resources became the primary source of heat for homes and industries in eighteencentury Britain

　　(C) To indicate that Britain's energy shortage was not the result of a lack of fuel

　　(D) To explain why coal mining became an important industry in nineteenth-century.

　　該題的正確答案為 C。而有不少同學會選擇 A。我們一起來追溯選 A 的同學的錯誤思路。

　　“Great Britain had large amounts of coal” 意思是 “英國有大量的煤”。往前找被支持的觀點句， 前一句說“Wood，…, was diminishing in supply.” 意為“木材供應不足” 。

　　所以 “coal” 和 “wood” 這兩句都是客觀事實舉例，還應該往前找，再 前一句話是 “However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing and energy shortage.” 即 “十八世紀的英國正在經 歷能源短缺”，此句為概括句。

　　那么剛才讀過的三 句話的關系是 “缺能源-缺木材-不缺煤”。而 “Great Britain had large amounts of coal“ 之 后 還 有 個 ”however“ ， 可能就是想反駁 “十八世紀的英國 正在經歷能源短缺”。

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